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          前端node高并发负载均衡策略-网易云课堂听课笔记
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        <h4 id="并发与负载均衡"><a href="#并发与负载均衡" class="headerlink" title="并发与负载均衡"></a>并发与负载均衡</h4><p>一般来说，中高级前端可能会问到：有没有处理过高并发问题：访问量高，同时在线，同时访问。<br>负载均衡：把流量分摊到不同的机器上去用以平衡流量。</p>
<p>高级前端还需要掌握redis..等，不直接对接数据库，通过redis缓存。</p>
<hr>
<h4 id="系统扩展方向"><a href="#系统扩展方向" class="headerlink" title="系统扩展方向"></a>系统扩展方向</h4><p>例子： 双十一高峰期，并发量，系统流量不断扩大。  </p>
<h5 id="垂直扩展"><a href="#垂直扩展" class="headerlink" title="垂直扩展"></a>垂直扩展</h5><ul>
<li><p>随着系统访问量增大，系统处理不了这么大的流量，那么可以通过提高系统部件的能力来实现。<br>比如：增加CPU，增加内存，更换网卡</p>
</li>
<li><p>垂直扩展的缺点：<br>由于摩尔定律，每一美元能买到的电脑性能随时间不断翻倍。单机扩展性能提高是有限的，并且==成本会不断的提高。==</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="水平扩展"><a href="#水平扩展" class="headerlink" title="水平扩展"></a>水平扩展</h5><p>目前高并发高可用的系统架构中，最优的方案是==水平扩展==。<br>理论上，在系统能支持水平扩展的前提下，增加服务器数量，部署更多的系统集群，能够带来无限的系统提升。</p>
<p>如何将网络请求分布给多个机器去处理？</p>
<hr>
<h4 id="负载均衡-Nginx"><a href="#负载均衡-Nginx" class="headerlink" title="负载均衡-Nginx"></a>负载均衡-Nginx</h4><p>nginx：高性能的web服务器和反向代理服务，最常用的软件负载均衡器。</p>
<p>核心概念： 用户请求先到nginx，再由nginx转发请求到后边的应用服务器(如node..)</p>
<h5 id="nginx配置"><a href="#nginx配置" class="headerlink" title="nginx配置"></a>nginx配置</h5><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">upstream xx&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    least_conn; //优先连接最少连接数的连接</span><br><span class="line">    ip_hash; //优先连接ip地址最相近的</span><br><span class="line">    server 127.0.0.1:8080 weight=5; //weight表示权重，权重越大访问的几率越高</span><br><span class="line">    server 127.0.0.1:8081 weight=1;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">// 如果同时写的话，优先使用最后写的规则。</span><br><span class="line">server &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    listen: 80;</span><br><span class="line">    server_name 127.0.0.1;</span><br><span class="line">    location /&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        proxy_pass http://xx //转发请求</span><br><span class="line">    &#125; // 可以达到不同请求路径请求不同端口的效果</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h5 id="nginx调优"><a href="#nginx调优" class="headerlink" title="nginx调优"></a>nginx调优</h5><p>Nginx一般能做到十万并发，常用的调优手法：  </p>
<ul>
<li>Nginx参数：<br>进程与CPU绑定worker_cpu_affinity、并发连接数、缓存区、超时时间、压缩、日志  </li>
<li>操作系统的网络参数：<br>能打开的最大文件数、net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time、tcp缓冲区/proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_mem、rmem、wmem<blockquote>
<p>设置操作系统网络参数的原因：tcp请求先到达操作系统，然后转发到nginx。操作系统内有tcp缓存区，当网络连接过多的时候，显然多出来的溢出缓存的tcp连接就会造成阻塞。nginx可以支持10w并发，因此可以设置操作系统tcp缓冲区的大小，使得缓冲区可以存有更多的数据，减缓阻塞。</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>为什么只能支持10w并发？<br>nginx通常用在http反向代理的场景，属于网络模型第7层应用层的协议。<br>http请求的处理包括解析和封装http内容，要处理更多请求，需要更多内存和cpu资源。<br>所以，nginx需要处理解析和封装http内容，因此nginx运行也受到系统性能的限制。（又回到了垂直扩展的问题）</li>
</ul>
<p>高配置硬件太贵，通常会组成<strong>集群</strong>来获取更高的处理能力。</p>
<hr>
<h4 id="Nginx集群"><a href="#Nginx集群" class="headerlink" title="Nginx集群"></a>Nginx集群</h4><p>单台Nginx处理能力在10w左右，也就是说它也是有限的，可以通过集群的方式，来获得更高的处理能力。那么谁来将请求分发给Nginx？</p>
<h5 id="LVS"><a href="#LVS" class="headerlink" title="LVS"></a>LVS</h5><p>Linux Virtual Server，Linux虚拟服务器，是基于第四层，也就是传输层的软件负载解决方案。  </p>
<ul>
<li>核心理念：原本请求LVS服务器的数据包，被LVS软件篡改了数据包的目的地，将流量转移到Nginx所在的机器IP，从而实现负载均衡。</li>
<li>为什么LVS比Nginx快？<br>传输层所使用的协议比http简单，解析和组装消耗的CPU内存等资源比Nginx低。</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h4 id="如何支持更多的访问？"><a href="#如何支持更多的访问？" class="headerlink" title="如何支持更多的访问？"></a>如何支持更多的访问？</h4><p>硬件设备，例如F5。<br>专门的硬件设备。一台F5连接着很多LVS服务器，一个LVS服务器又连接着很多Nginx服务器。</p>
<hr>
<p>最终的技术：DNS-无限水平扩展<br>一个域名可以对应多个ip。</p>
<hr>
<h4 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h4><ul>
<li>技术随业务发展而变化</li>
<li>技术选型上，不仅要考虑技术本身，还需要考虑团队能力</li>
<li>行业变化快，需要不断学习技术拓宽视野</li>
</ul>

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